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Authoritarian democracy
Authoritarian democracy is a form of democracy directed by a ruling elite of an authoritarian state that seeks to represent the different interests of society. Authoritarian democracy has also been called organic democracy by some proponents.〔Blamires, Cyprian, ''World Fascism: a Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1'' (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2006) p. 232.〕〔Martin Blinkhorn. ''Fascists and conservatives: the radical right and the establishment in twentieth-century Europe''. Routledge, 1990, 2003. p. 144.〕 In use for cases of fascism and Stalinism it has also been referred to as totalitarian democracy.〔Jacob Leib Talmon, Yehoshua Arieli, Nathan Rotenstreich. ''Totalitarian democracy and after''. London, England, UK; Portland, Oregon, US: FRANK CASS PUBLISHERS, 2002. p. 174.〕〔Roland N. Stromberg. Democracy: a short, analytical history. Armonk, New York, US: M.E. Sharpe, 1996. p. 94.〕
Authoritarian democracy was first developed and used by Bonapartism.〔John Alexander Murray Rothney. ''Bonapartism after Sedan''. Cornell University Press, 1969. p. 293.〕 The Bonapartist conception of authoritarian democracy was based upon Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès' maxim: "confidence from below, authority from above" that Sieyès claimed must be an enlightened authority that is responsive to the needs and clamour of the people.〔Front Cover William Herbert Cecil Smith. Second Empire and Commune: France, 1848-1871. Longman, 1996. p. 12.〕〔Geoffrey Bruun. Europe and the French imperium, 1799-1814. Harper & Row, 1965. p. 68.〕
Authoritarian democracy was promoted by fascists who presented fascism as a form of authoritarian democracy, it explicitly rejects the conventional concept of democracy as in a majoritarian democracy that assumes equality of citizens.〔 The concept of authoritarian democracy in fascism was developed by Italian Fascist political theorist Giovanni Gentile and utilized by Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini.〔 The Nazis supported the concept of authoritarian democracy.〔Blamires, Cyprian, ''World Fascism: a Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1'' (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2006) p. 589.〕〔Donald J. Dietrich. ''Catholic citizens in the Third Reich: psycho-social principles and moral reasoning''. New Brunswick, New Jersey, US: Transaction Publishers, 1988. p. 113.〕 Francisco Franco's quasi-fascist Falange in Spain promoted the concept, but named it "organic democracy" that was based upon national plebiscites issued from the Spanish government to the Spanish people.〔
==Variants==
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